The conflict involving the United States, Israel and Iran has underscored the limitations of traditional power politics. While Iran has endured significant costs, it has also demonstrated that smaller and sanctioned states can develop the capacity to resist pressure from major powers. The conflict has highlighted changing realities in international relations, where military and economic superiority no longer guarantee political outcomes.
Historically, global power structures were shaped by a handful of dominant nations that often imposed their interests on weaker states. However, the rise of new economic centres and regional powers is gradually challenging this model. Increasingly, countries in Asia and Africa are asserting their interests and demanding a greater role in global decision-making.
At the same time, concerns remain that emerging powers could replicate the behaviour of past hegemons by seeking spheres of influence and creating dependent client states. Advocates of multilateralism argue that stronger international cooperation and more inclusive institutions are essential to prevent such outcomes and promote a fairer international system.
The role of major arms-producing nations also remains controversial. Critics argue that prolonged conflicts often benefit weapons manufacturers, creating incentives that can undermine efforts toward lasting peace. Historical examples, including covert military operations during the Cold War, continue to fuel debates about accountability and the consequences of great-power intervention.
Recent developments have also raised questions about the future of the international order and the effectiveness of global institutions. From conflicts in the Middle East to disputes over international norms, many observers believe that the world is entering a period of significant transition.
The ongoing tensions involving Iran have further demonstrated the far-reaching economic consequences of regional conflicts. Disruptions to key energy routes have affected global oil markets, while sanctions and geopolitical rivalries have produced unintended consequences for multiple countries.
As global power continues to shift eastward, the challenge for the international community will be to manage competition among major powers while avoiding the mistakes of the past. Whether the emerging world order becomes more cooperative or more fragmented will largely depend on the willingness of nations to embrace dialogue, mutual respect and genuine multilateralism. #nepal
[Mr P. Kharel writes on int’l affairs & media)
